Design, construction and evaluation of cow's milk fraud monitoring

Introduction
Milk is considered one of the most essential and most consumed food items due to its constituent elements. Today, the failure to recognize adulterated milk by existing devices; has caused the dairy products industry to face a serious challenge. The methods of measuring the quality and adulteration of milk have been specified according to the standards and many tools and devices have been made based on its physical, chemical and electrical characteristics. Surely, the quality of milk is also measured by methods such as Soxele, Dernik and Gerber, but these methods are in laboratory and require their materials and equipment, and are beyond the scope of non-professional milk industry activists. this research hypothesizes that any quantitative and qualitative manipulation of milk causes a change in the concentration of milk, the amount of ions per unit volume of milk, or both of them, which is an obvious thing. With this assumption, a device that can monitor these two parameters simultaneously in the milk, will be able to detect common milk adulteration with high accuracy. Using the electric conductivity of milk with alternating current in detecting some frauds and pollution has become more common, but the use of direct current is not allowed due to the polarization of the electrodes and the hydrolysis of the milk. Meanwhile, when direct current passes through the tap, a thin layer of charged suspended material is absorbed and deposited on the surface of the electrodes. This process dilutes the concentration of milk and can be used to measure its adulteration using the optical properties of milk.

Materials and Methods
In this research, the proposed system was built and after pouring the prepared sample into the glass, the lid was placed on the glass. By pressing the start button, the electric current was established in the electrodes, lamp and photocell, and after one minute, the voltage of the electrode and photocell was measured, and the voltage values were displayed on LCD, and the data in the worksheet was registered. One-factor factorial design was used to analyze the data, and the independent factors were pure milk, 70% skimmed milk, milk with the addition of water and the addition of salt water, skimmed milk with the addition of water and the addition of salt water. The response factors were the voltages of the photocell and the sensors of the electrodes. The experiment was repeated three times. Factorial design was used to analyze the data and regression equations were used to code the device program. This system has two measuring parts and a display, which measuring part includes milk glass, probe, electrodes, photocell sensor and LED lamp.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the addition of any adulteration materials to milk causes a change in milk concentration or ion density per unit volume of milk, therefore, simultaneous monitoring of these two parameters can be effective in detecting milk adulteration. The addition of water to the milk diluted the concentration of the milk and decreased the ion density per unit volume, so the electrode voltage decreased and the photocell voltage increased. In skimmed milk, with the removal of fat globules from the milk, the concentration of the milk was diluted, but the ion density per unit volume of the milk increased, therefore the voltage of both the electrode and the photocell increased. In the combination of these two adulterations, this situation, caused a double increase in the photocell voltage and a slight change in the voltage of the electrodes compared to the normal state of the milk. Adding salt water to the milk did not have much effect on the photocell voltage, but its impact on the electrode voltage was noticeable.
Conclusion
Simultaneous measurement of several properties of milk is a new method to detect combined milk adulteration. In this research, the electrical and optical properties of the milk were monitored simultaneously. The results showed that the voltage changes of the photocell sensor and the electrode sensor can detect the combined adulteration of the milk.

Introduction
Milk is considered one of the most essential and most consumed food items due to its constituent elements. Today, the failure to recognize adulterated milk by existing devices; has caused the dairy products industry to face a serious challenge. The methods of measuring the quality and adulteration of milk have been specified according to the standards and many tools and devices have been made based on its physical, chemical and electrical characteristics. Surely, the quality of milk is also measured by methods such as Soxele, Dernik and Gerber, but these methods are in laboratory and require their materials and equipment, and are beyond the scope of non-professional milk industry activists. this research hypothesizes that any quantitative and qualitative manipulation of milk causes a change in the concentration of milk, the amount of ions per unit volume of milk, or both of them, which is an obvious thing. With this assumption, a device that can monitor these two parameters simultaneously in the milk, will be able to detect common milk adulteration with high accuracy. Using the electric conductivity of milk with alternating current in detecting some frauds and pollution has become more common, but the use of direct current is not allowed due to the polarization of the electrodes and the hydrolysis of the milk. Meanwhile, when direct current passes through the tap, a thin layer of charged suspended material is absorbed and deposited on the surface of the electrodes. This process dilutes the concentration of milk and can be used to measure its adulteration using the optical properties of milk.

Materials and Methods
In this research, the proposed system was built and after pouring the prepared sample into the glass, the lid was placed on the glass. By pressing the start button, the electric current was established in the electrodes, lamp and photocell, and after one minute, the voltage of the electrode and photocell was measured, and the voltage values were displayed on LCD, and the data in the worksheet was registered. One-factor factorial design was used to analyze the data, and the independent factors were pure milk, 70% skimmed milk, milk with the addition of water and the addition of salt water, skimmed milk with the addition of water and the addition of salt water. The response factors were the voltages of the photocell and the sensors of the electrodes. The experiment was repeated three times. Factorial design was used to analyze the data and regression equations were used to code the device program. This system has two measuring parts and a display, which measuring part includes milk glass, probe, electrodes, photocell sensor and LED lamp.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the addition of any adulteration materials to milk causes a change in milk concentration or ion density per unit volume of milk, therefore, simultaneous monitoring of these two parameters can be effective in detecting milk adulteration. The addition of water to the milk diluted the concentration of the milk and decreased the ion density per unit volume, so the electrode voltage decreased and the photocell voltage increased. In skimmed milk, with the removal of fat globules from the milk, the concentration of the milk was diluted, but the ion density per unit volume of the milk increased, therefore the voltage of both the electrode and the photocell increased. In the combination of these two adulterations, this situation, caused a double increase in the photocell voltage and a slight change in the voltage of the electrodes compared to the normal state of the milk. Adding salt water to the milk did not have much effect on the photocell voltage, but its impact on the electrode voltage was noticeable.
Conclusion
Simultaneous measurement of several properties of milk is a new method to detect combined milk adulteration. In this research, the electrical and optical properties of the milk were monitored simultaneously. The results showed that the voltage changes of the photocell sensor and the electrode sensor can detect the combined adulteration of the milk.
Conclusion
Simultaneous measurement of several properties of milk is a new method to detect combined milk adulteration. In this research, the electrical and optical properties of the milk were monitored simultaneously. The results showed that the voltage changes of the photocell sensor and the electrode sensor can detect the combined adulteration of the milk.
Conclusion
Simultaneous measurement of several properties of milk is a new method to detect combined milk adulteration. In this research, the electrical and optical properties of the milk were monitored simultaneously. The results showed that the voltage changes of the photocell sensor and the electrode sensor can detect the combined adulteration of the milk.