Effect of cold plasma and ultrasound pretreatments on the chemical compositions and antioxidant properties of the hydroalcoholic extract of Quince leaves

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 M.Sc. Student, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran

2 Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

3 Department of physics, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction:
Several studies have showed that quince tree is a good and low-cost natural source of phenolic acids and flavonoids, which are potent antioxidants. These compounds could provide a chemical basis to some health benefits claimed for quince leaf and fruit in folk medicine. It is well known that quince fruit shows antioxidant effects which result from the presence of a number of polyphenolic substances, e.g. flavonoids quercetin, rutin, kaempferol etc. and also from increased levels of vitamin C. Different parts of quince (fruit, seeds and leaves) have been used as traditional remedies for cardiovascular diseases, cough, bronchitis, nausea, fever, diarrhea, constipation, hemorrhoids, diabetes, and hypertension. Total phenolic content of quince leaves varied from 4.9 to 16.5 g/kg dry matter. Moreover, organic acids composition of quince leaf was investigated; quinic acid (72.2%) and citric acid (13.6%) were the major acidic components (Oliveira et al., 2008). However, the obtained results showed higher total concentrations of phenolics in quince leaves than in pulps, peels and seeds (Oliveira et al., 2008). Costa et al. (2009) studied the methanolic extract from quince leaf and reported 5-Ocaffeoylquinic acid as the major phenolic compound. Antibacterial effects of aqueous and organic quince leaf extracts on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were also investigated. The obtained results had indicated that ethanolic quince leaf extract had the greatest effect on gram-negative and gram- positive bacteria. Also, the aqueous extract showed the lowest effect on tested bacteria (Semnani et al., 2017). During the last few decades, many researches have been carried out to identify suitable methods for extraction with high efficiency and environmental friendliness. Moreover, nowadays, special attention has been paid to plants that are a rich source of natural antioxidants and bioactive properties, one of these plants is the quince leaves. Due to quince leaf extract is rich of a phenolic and antioxidant compounds, it can be used as a natural antioxidant and be a good substitute for synthetic antioxidants.
Material & methods: In this research, the aim was to investigate the effect of cold plasma (CP) and ultrasound (US) pretreatments on the chemical compositions and antioxidant properties of the hydroalcoholic extract of the quince leaves. In order to improve the performance of quince leaves, cold plasma pretreatment (5, 10 and 15 min) and ultrasonication (20 and 30 min) was used at different times, separately. Three samples of crushed quince leaves were subjected to CP pretreatment with a pressure of 500 mTorr, a voltage of 2.1 kV and a current of 90 mA at different times of 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Also, three other samples of grounded leaves that were mixed with 80% ethanol were subjected to probed US pretreatment with a power of 300 w and a frequency of 24 kHz at different times of 10, 20, and 30 minutes. In this research, the samples of the quince leaves were pretreated with CP and US, and after extracting the leaves extracts and its concentration, the amount of total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, total chlorophyll, carotenoid and color indices of the treated and control samples were investigated.
Results and discussion: The obtained results showed that both CP and US processes caused a significant increase (P<0.05) in the amounts of phenolic and antioxidant compositions, total chlorophyll and carotenoid. In agreement with this study, Bao et al. (2020a) reported the effect of CP treatment to improve the extraction of phenolic and antioxidant compounds from tomato pulp; their results showed that CP treatment increased the antioxidants of tomato pulp extract. The radicals generated by CP disintegrate the cellular tissue and plant cell walls which reduce the space barrier for molecules to transport, and increase the release of free phenolics in the cell vacuole and cytoplasm into the solvent. Active plasma species have also the potential to break covalent bonds, thus releasing phenolic compounds that covalently bind to cell wall polysaccharides, which leads to higher extraction efficiencies. CP treatment also facilitates the extraction of free phenolic antioxidants in the solvent (Bao et al. 2020b). Ultrasonic-assisted extraction is one of the most inexpensive, rapid, simple and efficient techniques compared with conventional extraction, and has been applied to extract bioactive compounds from different materials owing to its high reproducibility at shorter time, simplified manipulation, significant reduction in solvent consumption and temperature, and lower energy input (Liu et al., 2013). The color indices L*, a*, b* decreased significantly (P<0.05) compared to the control as a result of cold plasma pretreatment, but had not differ significantly compared to the control due to ultrasound pretreatment. According to this study,Sanai et al. (1398) reported that the effect of cold plasma (gas type) on any of the curcuma longa color indices was not significant, while with increasing plasma duration the mean of all three color indices decreased. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between 15 and 25 minutes.
Conclusion: In overall, based on the results of this research, cold plasma pretreatment can be a better and more efficient method than ultrasound-assisted to extract bioactive compounds and replacement of conventional thermal methods. Also, this present study shows that quince leaves are promising sources of valuable compounds and may be used to produce functional foods as well as for medical purposes.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Aadil RM, Zeng XA, Han Z, Sun DW. 2013. Effects of ultrasound treatments on quality of grapefruit juice. Food chemistry 141(3):3201-6.
Abarghuei FM, Etemadi M, Ramezanian A, Esehaghbeygi A, Alizargar J. 2021. An application of cold atmospheric plasma to enhance physiological and biochemical traits of Basil. Plants 10(10):2088.
Afshari R, Hosseini H. 2014. Non-thermal plasma as a new food preservation method, its present and future prospect. Archives of Advances in Biosciences 5(1).
Amini M, Ghoranneviss M. 2016. Black and green tea decontamination by cold plasma. Research Journal of Microbiology 11(1):42.
Anjum S, Abbasi BH, Hano C. 2017. Trends in accumulation of pharmacologically important antioxidant-secondary metabolites in callus cultures of Linum usitatissimum L. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC). 129:73-87.
Bao Y, Reddivari L, Huang J-Y (2020a) Development of cold plasma pretreatment for improving phenolics extractability from tomato pomace. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 65:102445.
Bao Y, Reddivari L, Huang JY. )2020b (. Enhancement of phenolic compounds extraction from grape pomace by high voltage atmospheric cold plasma. LWT-Food Science and Technology 133:109970.
Balachandran S, Kentish SE, Mawson R, Ashokkumar M. 2006. Ultrasonic enhancement of the supercritical extraction from ginger. Ultrasonics sonochemistry 13(6):471-9.
Boussetta N, Vorobiev E. 2014. Extraction of valuable biocompounds assisted by high voltage electrical discharges: A review. Comptes Rendus Chimie 17(3):197-203.
Chemat F, Khan MK. 2011. Applications of ultrasound in food technology: Processing, preservation and extraction. Ultrasonics sonochemistry 18(4):813-35.
Chojnacka K, Sosnowska D, Polka D, Owczarek K, Gorlach-Lira K, Oliveira De Verasa B. and Lewandowska U. 2020. Comparison of phenolic compounds, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of extracts prepared from Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica L.) leaves. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 71(2).
Costa RM, Magalhães AS, Pereira JA, Andrade PB, Valentão P, Carvalho M, Silva BM. 2009. Evaluation of free radical-scavenging and antihemolytic activities of quince (Cydonia oblonga) leaf: a comparative study with green tea (Camellia sinensis). Food and Chemical toxicology. 47(4):860-5.
Da Porto C, Porretto E, Decorti D. 2013. Comparison of ultrasound-assisted extraction with conventional extraction methods of oil and polyphenols from grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seeds. Ultrasonics sonochemistry 20(4):1076-80.
De Castro ML, Garcıa-Ayuso LE. 1998. Soxhlet extraction of solid materials: an outdated technique with a promising innovative future. Analytica chimica acta: 369(1-2):1-0.
Del Mar Contreras M, Lama-Muñoz A, Espínola F, Moya M, Romero I, Castro E. 2020. Valorization of olive mill leaves through ultrasound-assisted extraction. Food chemistry 314:126218.
Fernandes FA, Fonteles TV, Rodrigues S, de Brito ES, Tiwari BK. 2020. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanins and phenolics from jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) peel: kinetics and mathematical modeling. Journal of food science and technology 57:2321-8.
Fernandes FA, Rodrigues S. 2021. Cold plasma processing on fruits and fruit juices: A review on the effects of plasma on nutritional quality. Processes 9(12):2098.
Gabaldón-Leyva CA, Quintero-Ramos A, Barnard J, Balandrán-Quintana RR, Talamás-Abbud R, Jiménez-Castro J. 2007. Effect of ultrasound on the mass transfer and physical changes in brine bell pepper at different temperatures. Journal of Food Engineering 81(2):374-9.
González-Centeno MR, Comas-Serra F, Femenia A, Rosselló C, Simal S. 2015. Effect of power ultrasound application on aqueous extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity from grape pomace (Vitis vinifera L.): Experimental kinetics and modeling. Ultrasonics sonochemistry 22:506-14.
Grzegorzewski F, Ehlbeck J, Schlüter O, Kroh LW, Rohn S. 2011. Treating lamb’s lettuce with a cold plasma–Influence of atmospheric pressure Ar plasma immanent species on the phenolic profile of Valerianella locusta. LWT-Food Science and Technology 44(10):2285-9.
Heredia JB, Cisneros-Zevallos L. 2009.The effect of exogenous ethylene and methyl jasmonate on pal activity, phenolic profiles and antioxidant capacity of carrots (Daucus carota) under different wounding intensities. Postharvest Biology and Technology 51(2):242-9.
Hertwig C, Reineke K, Ehlbeck J, Knorr D, Schlüter O. 2015. Decontamination of whole black pepper using different cold atmospheric pressure plasma applications. Food Control 55:221-9.
Hou Y, Wang R, Gan Z, Shao T, Zhang X, He M, Sun A. 2019. Effect of cold plasma on blueberry juice quality. Food chemistry 290:79-86.
Jacques RA, dos Santos Freitas L, Pérez VF, Dariva C, de Oliveira AP, de Oliveira JV, Caramao EB. 2007. The use of ultrasound in the extraction of Ilex paraguariensis leaves: A comparison with maceration. Ultrasonics sonochemistry. 14(1):6-12.
Kang HM, Saltveit ME. 2002. Antioxidant capacity of lettuce leaf tissue increases after wounding. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50(26):7536-41.
Khoubnasabjafari M, and Jouyban A. 2011. A review of phytochemistry and bioactivity of quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5(16): 3577-3594.
Kim JE, Oh YJ, Won MY, Lee KS, Min SC. 2017. Microbial decontamination of onion powder using microwave-powered cold plasma treatments. Food Microbiology 62:112-23.
Kumari B, Tiwari BK, Walsh D, Griffin TP, Islam N, Lyng JG, Brunton NP, Rai DK. 2019. Impact of pulsed electric field pre-treatment on nutritional and polyphenolic contents and bioactivities of light and dark brewer's spent grains. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 54:200-10.
Kossah R, Zhang H, Chen W. 2011. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Chinese sumac (Rhus typhina L.) fruit extract. Food Control 22(1):128-32.
Lagnika C, Zhang M, Mothibe KJ. 2013. Effects of ultrasound and high pressure argon on physico-chemical properties of white mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) during postharvest storage. Postharvest biology and technology 82:87-94.
Lee KH, Kim HJ, Woo KS, Jo C, Kim JK, Kim SH, Park HY, Oh SK, Kim WH. 2016. Evaluation of cold plasma treatments for improved microbial and physicochemical qualities of brown rice. Lwt. 73:442-7.
Lewko J, Scibisz K, Sadowski A. 2004. Mineral element content in the leaves of rootstocks used for pears and of maiden trees budded on them. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Hortorum Cultus;3(2).
Li X, Li M, Ji N, Jin P, Zhang J, Zheng Y, Zhang X, Li F. 2019. Cold plasma treatment induces phenolic accumulation and Cold plasma treatment induces phenolic accumulation and enhances antioxidant activity in fresh-cut pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) fruit. Lwt, 115: 108447.
Lichtenthaler HK, Buschmann C. 2001. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Measurement and characterization by UV‐VIS spectroscopy. Current protocols in food analytical chemistry 1(1):F4-3.
Liu Y, Wei S, Liao M. 2013. Optimization of ultrasonic extraction of phenolic compounds from Euryale ferox seed shells using response surface methodology. Industrial Crops and products 49:837-43.
Luque-Garcıa JL, De Castro ML. 2003. Ultrasound: a powerful tool for leaching. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 22(1):41-7.
Naeimi K, Abdollahi H, Miri M. 2020 Evaluation of quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) seedlings originated from North West of Iran and preliminary selection of promising genotypes. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science 50(4): 967-981.
Oliveira AP, Pereira JA, Andrade PB, Valentão P, Seabra RM, Silva BM. 2008. Organic acids composition of Cydonia oblonga Miller leaf. Food chemistry 111(2):393-9.
Pankaj SK, Wan Z, Colonna W, Keener KM. 2017. Effect of high voltage atmospheric cold plasma on white grape juice quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 97(12):4016-21.
Pankaj SK, Wan Z, Keener KM. 2018. Effects of cold plasma on food quality: A review. Foods 7(1):4.
Park JS, Ha JW. 2019. Ultrasound treatment combined with fumaric acid for inactivating food-borne pathogens in apple juice and its mechanisms. Food microbiology 84:103277.
Rahimi M, Mohamadian E, Dadari S, Arbab MM, Karimi N. 2017. Application of high frequency ultrasound in different irradiation systems for photosynthesis pigment extraction from Chlorella microalgae. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering. 34:1100-8.
Reyes LF, Cisneros-Zevallos L. 2003. Wounding stress increases the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of purple-flesh potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51(18):5296-300.
Reyes LF, Villarreal JE, Cisneros-Zevallos L. 2007. The increase in antioxidant capacity after wounding depends on the type of fruit or vegetable tissue. Food Chemistry 101(3):1254-62.
Rodrigues S, Pinto GA, Fernandes FA. 2008. Optimization of ultrasound extraction of phenolic compounds from coconut (Cocos nucifera) shell powder by response surface methodology. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 15(1):95-100.
Rop O, Balik J, Řezníček V, Jurikova T, Škardová P, Salaš P, Sochor J, Mlček J, Kramářová D. 2011. Chemical characteristics of fruits of some selected quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) cultivars. Czech Journal of Food Sciences 29(1):65-73.
Saberi M, Modarres-Sanavy SA, Zare R, Ghomi H. 2018. Amelioration of photosynthesis and quality of wheat under non-thermal radio frequency plasma treatment. Scientific reports8(1):11655.
Sacchetti G, Cocci E, Pinnavaia G, Mastrocola D, Rosa MD. 2008. Influence of processing and storage on the antioxidant activity of apple derivatives. International journal of food science & technology 43(5):797-804.
Sanai F, Mortazavi SA, Tabatabai F, Shahidi F. 1398. Investigating the effect of cold plasma treatment on reducing microbial load and physicochemical properties of turmeric, Journal of Food Science and Technology 17(99) (persian).
Selvamuthukumaran M, Shi J. 2017. Recent advances in extraction of antioxidants from plant by-products processing industries. Food Quality and Safety 1(1):61-81.
Semnani SN, Hajizadeh N, Alizadeh H. 2017. Antibacterial effects of aqueous and organic quince leaf extracts on gram–positive and gram–negative bacteria. Banat's Journal of Biotechnology. 8(16):54-61.
Shahidi F, Naczk M. 2003. Phenolics in food and nutraceuticals. CRC press.
Shahraki H, Mohebi F, Shahidi M and Azarpajoh FE.  2016. The effect of extracting pomegranate peel with the help of ultrasonic probe on phenolic compounds. The second international conference and the third national conference on the application of new technologies in engineering sciences, Mashhad, Iran (persian).
Shirzad H, Niknam V, Taheri M, Ebrahimzadeh H. 2017. Ultrasound-assisted extraction process of phenolic antioxidants from Olive leaves: a nutraceutical study using RSM and LC–ESI–DAD–MS. Journal of food science and technology 54:2361-71.
Sun Y, Ma G, Ye X, Kakuda Y, Meng R. 2010. Stability of all-trans-β-carotene under ultrasound treatment in a model system: Effects of different factors, kinetics and newly formed compounds. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 17(4):654-61.
Tavakoli Lahijani SA, Shahidi F, Habibian M, Koocheki A. 2022. Evaluation of the effect of non-thermal plasma on the physicochemical, technological and functional properties of wheat flour. Iranian Food Science & Technology Research Journal 18(2).
Vaez H, Hamidi S, Arami S. 2014. Potential of Cydonia oblonga leaves in cardiovascular disease. Hypothesis 12(1):1-0.
Vinatoru M. 2001. An overview of the ultrasonically assisted extraction of bioactive principles from herbs. Ultrasonics sonochemistry 8(3):303-13.
Wang B, Qu J, Luo S, Feng S, Li T, Yuan M, Huang Y, Liao J, Yang R, Ding C. 2018. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of flavonoids from olive (Olea europaea) leaves, and evaluation of their antioxidant and anticancer activities. Molecules 23(10):2513.
Zhu Y, Li C, Cui H, Lin L. 2020. Feasibility of cold plasma for the control of biofilms in food industry. Trends in Food Science & Technology 99:142-51.
Žuntar I, Putnik P, Bursać Kovačević D, Nutrizio M, Šupljika F, Poljanec A, Dubrović I, Barba FJ, Režek Jambrak A. 2019. Phenolic and antioxidant analysis of olive leaves extracts (Olea europaea L.) obtained by high voltage electrical discharges (HVED). Foods 8(7):248.