طراحی، ساخت و ارزیابی سامانه پایش تقلب در شیر گاو

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 مهندسی مکانیک بیوسیستم، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه

2 گروه مکانیک بیوسیستم‌ً، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه

چکیده

شیر یکی از پرمصرف ترین مواد غذایی محسوب می شود اما عدم تشخیص تقلبات تلفیقی آن توسط دستگاه های موجود، موجب شده است که صنعت فرآورده های لبنی با چالش جدی روبرو شود. از تقلبات تلفیقی شیر می توان افزودن همزمان آب، نمک و مواد پودری را نام برد که برای تشخیص آن، باید چند ویژگی شیر بطور همزمان پایش شود. در این تحقیق، یک سامانه پیشنهادی ساخته شد که دارای واحد سنجشگر و پردازشگر است. در این دستگاه؛ با عبور جریان مستقیم از شیر، مواد معلق باردار در سطح الکترودها جذب شده و رقیق شدن شیر را سبب می شود.در واحد سنجشگر، از دو حسگر هدایت سنج و فتوسل استفاده شد. این حسگرها با سنجش همزمان مقاومت الکتریکی و اپتیکی شیر، خلوص یا تقلبات شیر را بر مبنای ولتاژ حسگرها نشان می دهند. برای پردازش داده ها، از طرح فاکتوریل استفاده شد. تیمارها عبارت بودند از آب اضافی، آب نمک اضافی، شیر ۷۰% چربی‌گیری شده، شیر ۷۰% چربی گیری با آب و آب نمک اضافی. حجم مواد افزودنی، ۵، ۱۰، ۲۰، ۳۰ و ۴۰ درصد حجم نمونه بود. آزمایش ها در سه نوبت تکرار گردید. نتایج نشان داد که تغییرات ولتاژ الکترود و فتوسل در همه‌ی تیمارها، (P˂0.05) معنی دار بوده و ضریب همبستگی داده ها، بیش از 0/95 بدست آمد. این پژوهش نشان داد با سنجش همزمان مقاومت الکتریکی و اپتیکی شیر، می توان تقلبات تلفیقی شیر را تشخیص داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Design, construction and evaluation of cow's milk fraud monitoring

نویسندگان [English]

  • Raheb Frotan Bigbaghloo 1
  • Ali Hassanpour 2
  • Faroogh Sharifian 2
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Faculty of Agricultural, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Faculty of Agricultural, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Milk is considered one of the most essential and most consumed food items due to its constituent elements. Today, the failure to recognize adulterated milk by existing devices; has caused the dairy products industry to face a serious challenge. The methods of measuring the quality and adulteration of milk have been specified according to the standards and many tools and devices have been made based on its physical, chemical and electrical characteristics. Surely, the quality of milk is also measured by methods such as Soxele, Dernik and Gerber, but these methods are in laboratory and require their materials and equipment, and are beyond the scope of non-professional milk industry activists. this research hypothesizes that any quantitative and qualitative manipulation of milk causes a change in the concentration of milk, the amount of ions per unit volume of milk, or both of them, which is an obvious thing. With this assumption, a device that can monitor these two parameters simultaneously in the milk, will be able to detect common milk adulteration with high accuracy. Using the electric conductivity of milk with alternating current in detecting some frauds and pollution has become more common, but the use of direct current is not allowed due to the polarization of the electrodes and the hydrolysis of the milk. Meanwhile, when direct current passes through the tap, a thin layer of charged suspended material is absorbed and deposited on the surface of the electrodes. This process dilutes the concentration of milk and can be used to measure its adulteration using the optical properties of milk.

Materials and Methods
In this research, the proposed system was built and after pouring the prepared sample into the glass, the lid was placed on the glass. By pressing the start button, the electric current was established in the electrodes, lamp and photocell, and after one minute, the voltage of the electrode and photocell was measured, and the voltage values were displayed on LCD, and the data in the worksheet was registered. One-factor factorial design was used to analyze the data, and the independent factors were pure milk, 70% skimmed milk, milk with the addition of water and the addition of salt water, skimmed milk with the addition of water and the addition of salt water. The response factors were the voltages of the photocell and the sensors of the electrodes. The experiment was repeated three times. Factorial design was used to analyze the data and regression equations were used to code the device program. This system has two measuring parts and a display, which measuring part includes milk glass, probe, electrodes, photocell sensor and LED lamp.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the addition of any adulteration materials to milk causes a change in milk concentration or ion density per unit volume of milk, therefore, simultaneous monitoring of these two parameters can be effective in detecting milk adulteration. The addition of water to the milk diluted the concentration of the milk and decreased the ion density per unit volume, so the electrode voltage decreased and the photocell voltage increased. In skimmed milk, with the removal of fat globules from the milk, the concentration of the milk was diluted, but the ion density per unit volume of the milk increased, therefore the voltage of both the electrode and the photocell increased. In the combination of these two adulterations, this situation, caused a double increase in the photocell voltage and a slight change in the voltage of the electrodes compared to the normal state of the milk. Adding salt water to the milk did not have much effect on the photocell voltage, but its impact on the electrode voltage was noticeable.
Conclusion
Simultaneous measurement of several properties of milk is a new method to detect combined milk adulteration. In this research, the electrical and optical properties of the milk were monitored simultaneously. The results showed that the voltage changes of the photocell sensor and the electrode sensor can detect the combined adulteration of the milk.

Introduction
Milk is considered one of the most essential and most consumed food items due to its constituent elements. Today, the failure to recognize adulterated milk by existing devices; has caused the dairy products industry to face a serious challenge. The methods of measuring the quality and adulteration of milk have been specified according to the standards and many tools and devices have been made based on its physical, chemical and electrical characteristics. Surely, the quality of milk is also measured by methods such as Soxele, Dernik and Gerber, but these methods are in laboratory and require their materials and equipment, and are beyond the scope of non-professional milk industry activists. this research hypothesizes that any quantitative and qualitative manipulation of milk causes a change in the concentration of milk, the amount of ions per unit volume of milk, or both of them, which is an obvious thing. With this assumption, a device that can monitor these two parameters simultaneously in the milk, will be able to detect common milk adulteration with high accuracy. Using the electric conductivity of milk with alternating current in detecting some frauds and pollution has become more common, but the use of direct current is not allowed due to the polarization of the electrodes and the hydrolysis of the milk. Meanwhile, when direct current passes through the tap, a thin layer of charged suspended material is absorbed and deposited on the surface of the electrodes. This process dilutes the concentration of milk and can be used to measure its adulteration using the optical properties of milk.

Materials and Methods
In this research, the proposed system was built and after pouring the prepared sample into the glass, the lid was placed on the glass. By pressing the start button, the electric current was established in the electrodes, lamp and photocell, and after one minute, the voltage of the electrode and photocell was measured, and the voltage values were displayed on LCD, and the data in the worksheet was registered. One-factor factorial design was used to analyze the data, and the independent factors were pure milk, 70% skimmed milk, milk with the addition of water and the addition of salt water, skimmed milk with the addition of water and the addition of salt water. The response factors were the voltages of the photocell and the sensors of the electrodes. The experiment was repeated three times. Factorial design was used to analyze the data and regression equations were used to code the device program. This system has two measuring parts and a display, which measuring part includes milk glass, probe, electrodes, photocell sensor and LED lamp.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the addition of any adulteration materials to milk causes a change in milk concentration or ion density per unit volume of milk, therefore, simultaneous monitoring of these two parameters can be effective in detecting milk adulteration. The addition of water to the milk diluted the concentration of the milk and decreased the ion density per unit volume, so the electrode voltage decreased and the photocell voltage increased. In skimmed milk, with the removal of fat globules from the milk, the concentration of the milk was diluted, but the ion density per unit volume of the milk increased, therefore the voltage of both the electrode and the photocell increased. In the combination of these two adulterations, this situation, caused a double increase in the photocell voltage and a slight change in the voltage of the electrodes compared to the normal state of the milk. Adding salt water to the milk did not have much effect on the photocell voltage, but its impact on the electrode voltage was noticeable.
Conclusion
Simultaneous measurement of several properties of milk is a new method to detect combined milk adulteration. In this research, the electrical and optical properties of the milk were monitored simultaneously. The results showed that the voltage changes of the photocell sensor and the electrode sensor can detect the combined adulteration of the milk.
Conclusion
Simultaneous measurement of several properties of milk is a new method to detect combined milk adulteration. In this research, the electrical and optical properties of the milk were monitored simultaneously. The results showed that the voltage changes of the photocell sensor and the electrode sensor can detect the combined adulteration of the milk.
Conclusion
Simultaneous measurement of several properties of milk is a new method to detect combined milk adulteration. In this research, the electrical and optical properties of the milk were monitored simultaneously. The results showed that the voltage changes of the photocell sensor and the electrode sensor can detect the combined adulteration of the milk.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • "Detection Milk fraud"
  • "Simultaneous measurement"
  • "Electrical and Optical Resistance"
Frotan Bigbaghloo, R., Sharifian, F., and Hassanpour, A. (2020). Investigating the Possibility of Using   Direct Electrical Current Polarization in Milk Quality Measurement. JFST No. 10 5, Vol. 17, p 151 – 158.
Haimov-Kochman, R., Shore, Ls., and Laufer, N. (2016). The milk we drink, food for thought. Fertility and sterility 106(6): 1310-1.
Hashemzadeh M., Khalajzadeh S., Amini K. and Yedi J., (2011) Seasonal changes in fat percentage, protein and raw milk density in an industrial farm in Dezful, the first national conference on new topics in agriculture, Pages 1 to 4.
Hekmati, M. (1991). Principles of milk preparation. University of Tehran University Publishing Center Publications.
Hossain, MB. & Dev, SR. (2013). Physiochemical characteristics of various raw milk samples in a selected dairy plant of Bangladesh. International Journal of Engineering 1(3): 2305-8269.
Houston, g., (1961). Education Series Conductivity Guide. www.vl‐pc.com. 800:522‐7920.
Kalantari, AS., Mehrabani-Yeganeh, H., Moradi, M., Sanders, Ah. and DeVries, A. (2010). Determining the optimum replacement policy for Holstein dairy herds in Iran. Journal of dairy science 93(5): 2262-70.
Kaptan, B., Kayışoğlu, S., Demirci, M. (2016). The Relationship Between Some Physico-Chemical, Microbiological Characteristics and Electrical Conductivity of Milk Stored at Different Temperature. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty. 8 – 2.
Lampert, I. M. (1978). Modern Dairy Products.Third edition, CRC.USA pp, 92-132, 157- 177.
Lawton, B.A., & Pethig, R. (1993). Determining the fat content of milk and cream using AC conductivity measurements, Measurement Science and Technology. 4:38–41.
Maatje, K., Huijsmans, P. J. M., Rossing,W., Hogewerf, P. H. (2002). The efficacy of inline measurement of quarter milk electrical conductivity, milk yield and milk temperature for the detection of clinical and subclinical mastitis. Livest Prod Sci, 30: 239-249.
Mabrook, M., & Petty, M. (2003). Effect of composition on the electrical conductivity of milk. Journal of Food Engineering, 69(3):321-325.
Malali, R., Bindushree, M. A., Naveen Kumar, K.S., Vaishali, S. & Rajashekhar, B.S. (2016). Implementation of Standardized Digital Milk Quality Analyzer. International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE) 5(5).
Niakousari, M., & Zandi, M. (2013). Electronic nose and tongue in food industry. Book (in farsi). Pages (80 – 82)
Opu, Md S. (2015). Effect of Operating Parameters on Performance of Alkaline Water Electrolysis. International Journal of Thermal & Environmental Engineering. 9: 53-60.
Rendevski, S., Sulaiman, A., Alkhanbouli, A. A., Al Shaabi, Kh., Ali Ahmed, S. A. (2017). Testing for Added Water in Milk with Handheld LCR Meter. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology. 11: 23-30.
Teymouri Yansari, A. (2006). Milk production and processing. Publisher of the Voice of Christ.